Algunas cosas que no sabíamos y como se aplica el tiro parabólico.
viernes, 28 de abril de 2017
Investigación del uso de la energía eléctrica en la aplicación de la justicia
1.-
What is an Electrocution?
Electrocution
is the sudden and involuntary introduction of large - or persistent - amounts
of electricity into the human body. Electrocution is something that kills many
people every year and normally it is simply the result of an accident.
Many
do it yourself enthusiasts have been the unfortunate victims of Electrocution
and this is because of an inability to rewire properly or simply because they
are unsure as to what they are doing. Many people find themselves at the
receiving end of one of nature's most dangerous elements without considering
the ramifications.
2.- What
are the effects of Electrocution in the Human Body?
Low
level currents can be introduced to the body and cause nothing more than
numbness to the limbs, which can last anything from a few moments to a few
hours. However high levels of electricity introduced to the body can kill
instantly as electricity enters the body and tries to leave the body again by
following the shortest path to the ground.
Low
level currents can affect the beating of the human heart, which itself beats
because of an internal electrical impulse. These alternating currents (AC)
introduced to the body can cause the heart to skip a beat or beat in an
unnatural manner, which in turn can lead to cardiac arrhythmias (changes to the
heart's normal beating).
High
level shocks simply pass through the body at speed and stop the heart from
beating resulting in instantaneous death.
Low
level Electrocution, which results in death, in many cases leaves no external
visual indicators whereas high level Electrocution causes a burning of hair and
skin and leaves very visible scarring.
An
electric shock occurs when a human body gets in contact with a source of
voltage that is high enough to cause current flow. There are thousands of
people who die every year because of electric shock. It is important that
whenever you use an electronic product, make sure that you have read through
the manual carefully and checked the product for any loose wire ends and for
incorrect insulation. It is important to follow all the safety precautions
while using these devices.
The
minimum current that a human can feel is 1 milliampere (mA). The current can
result in damage of tissues or fibrillation if it is of high voltage. Electric
shock can also cause death and is referred to as electrocution. It is usually
said that currents about 100 mA can be lethal when applied to the sensitive
parts of the human body. There are a number of complications that can arise
from an electric shock. Some of these are mentioned below:
•
Burns: Shocks
can give rise to burns. An electric shock for a lower voltage can result in
superficial burns on the surface of the skin. But, electric shocks of voltage
between 500 to 1000 volts can give rise to internal burns. It can lead to organ
burns that can also affect the heart. This makes the burns; caused from
electric shock different from chemical burns and fire burns. The burns from an
electric shock can result in organ failure and can lead to death. It is
difficult to treat these kinds of burns and the healing process is usually slow
and difficult.
•
Neurological Effects: An
electric shock can interfere with the nervous control especially on the heart, lungs.
Repeated electric shock that does not lead to death has been shown to be a
cause for neuropathy. When the current moves near the head then loss of
consciousness occur fast.
•
Effect on the Chest: When
a small current 50 or 60 Hz is passed through the chest, it can result in
ventricular fibrillation. If this is not treated immediately by defibrillation,
it can be lethal as the heart muscle cells start moving independently. A shock
more than 200 mA is so strong that it can literally stop the heart muscles from
moving.
When
a person is affected by an electric shock it can lead to:
•
Collapse of the person.
•
Severe muscle contractions that can result in fractures, loss of consciousness
or dislocation of joints.
•
The respiratory system can be paralyzed and the heartbeat can either become
very fast and irregular or can completely stop beating.
•
Any high voltage transmission of electric shock can cause death of tissues at
the entry and the exit points of the current. There can be presence of edema as
the blood at the point coagulates and the muscles swell up.
•
A drop in blood pressure, disturbance in fluid and electrolyte balance can
cause the release of myoglobin and result in kidney failure.
3.-
Who created the Electric Chair? What was it’s purpose?
The
electric chair was invented by employees at Thomas Alva Edison's works at West
Orange, New Jersey in the late 1880s. The inventor's involvement has
embarrassed many of his biographers and an entry for 'electric chair' in their
indexes is a rarity. Edison wanted to see capital punishment abolished
altogether in the US, but meantime he thought electrocution would be quicker
and less painful than hanging. A commission organised by the governor of New
York State agreed with him and it was the Edison chair that was used in 1890 to
end the life of a street pedlar called William Kemmler, a German-American who
had killed the woman he lived with in a drunken rage.
The
death sentence was carried out at Auburn Prison in New York State. Awakened at
five o'clock in the morning in his cell, Kemmler dressed neatly in a suit,
white shirt and tie. He ate breakfast and said prayers before his head was
shaved. At 6.38am he entered the execution chamber and said calmly to the
assembled witnesses: 'Gentlemen, I wish you all good luck. I believe I am going
to a good place and I am ready to go.' He was fastened into the chair, which
had been successfully tried out on a horse the previous day, and said to the
executioner, Edwin Davis (whose official title was 'state electrician'), 'Take
it easy and do it properly, I'm in no hurry.'
The
generator was charged with 1,000 volts and the current was passed through
Kemmler's body for 17 seconds. He was unconscious, but still breathing. The
current was turned on again at 2,000 volts. Kemmler's skin began bleeding, part
of his body was seen to be singed and a horrible smell spread through the death
chamber. The New York Times reported that 'the stench was unbearable'. The
procedure had taken about eight minutes.
4.-
What is the procedure when somebody is Executed by Electric Chair?
For
execution by the electric chair, the person is usually shaved and strapped to a
chair with belts that cross his chest, groin, legs, and arms. A metal
skullcap-shaped electrode is attached to the scalp and forehead over a sponge
moistened with saline. The sponge must not be too wet or the saline
short-circuits the electric current, and not too dry, as it would then have a
very high resistance. An additional electrode is moistened with conductive
jelly (Electro-Creme) and attached to a portion of the prisoner's leg that has
been shaved to reduce resistance to electricity. The prisoner is then
blindfolded. (Hillman, 1992 and Weisberg, 1991)
After
the execution team has withdrawn to the observation room, the warden signals
the executioner, who pulls a handle to connect the power supply. A jolt of
between 500 and 2000 volts, which lasts for about 30 seconds, is given. The
current surges and is then turned off, at which time the body is seen to relax.
The doctors wait a few seconds for the body to cool down and then check to see
if the inmate's heart is still beating. If it is, another jolt is applied. This
process continues until the prisoner is dead. The prisoner's hands often grip
the chair and there may be violent movement of the limbs which can result in
dislocation or fractures. The tissues swell. Defecation occurs. Steam or smoke
rises and there is a smell of burning. (Hillman, 1992 and Weisberg, 1991) U.S.
Supreme Court Justice William Brennan once offered the following description of
an execution by electric chair:
...the
prisoner's eyeballs sometimes pop out and rest on cheeks. The prisoner often
defecates, urinates, and vomits blood and drool. The body turns bright red as
its temperature rises, and the prisoner's flesh swells and his skin stretches
to the point of breaking. Sometimes the prisoner catches fire....Witnesses hear
a loud and sustained sound like bacon frying, and the sickly sweet smell of
burning flesh permeates the chamber. (Ecenbarger, 1994)
At
postmortem, the body is hot enough to blister if touched, and the autopsy is
delayed while the internal organs cool. There are third degree burns with
blackening where the electrodes met the skin of the scalp and legs. According
to Robert H. Kirschner, the deputy chief medical examiner of Cook County,
"The brain appears cooked in most cases." (Weisberg, 1991)
References
Claridge, J (2016). Electrocution. New York: Explore
Forensics. Page 1. Recovered From: http://www.exploreforensics.co.uk/electrocution.html
Death Penalty Information Center (2017). Description of
Execution Methods. Wahington: DPIC. Page 1. Recovered From: http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/descriptions-execution-methods
Bracken, B (2017). William Kemmler Was Killed on August
6th, 1890. London: History Today. Page 1. Recovered From: http://www.historytoday.com/richard-cavendish/first-execution-electric-chair
Health Guidance (2016). The Effects of Electric Shock on
the Body. New York: Health Guidance for a Better Health. Page 1. Recovered
From: http://www.healthguidance.org/entry/12834/1/The-Effects-of-Electric-Shock-on-the-Body.html
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